Differences Between Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, And...

1. Discuss in details similarities and differences between sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation? a. Differences: A sole proprietorship is a business that has a single owner who is responsible for making decisions for the company. A partnership consists of two or more individuals who share the responsibility of running the company. A corporation is one of the most recognizable business structures and has a separate identity from the owners of the company. One or more owners may participate as shareholders of a corporation. b. Similarities: Characteristics Sole proprietorship Partnership Corporation Formation Easy to form Need to fill documentation Need to fill documentation Ownership Owner Partner Shareholder Liabilities Unlimited liabilities Unlimited liabilities Members are not liable for the debt of the company 2. Explain the following corporate finance terms: Money market: One of the sections of a financial market where securities and financial instruments with short-term maturities are traded is called the money market. Capital market: Capital market is a market where buyers and sellers engage in trade of financial securities like bonds, stocks, etc. Primary market: The primary market is the part of the capital market that deals with issuing of new securities. Companies, governments or public sector institutions can obtain funds through the sale of a new stock or bond issues through primary market. Secondary market: A market where investors purchaseShow MoreRelatedEssay On Business Structure1350 Words   |  6 Pagescompany structures Sole Proprietorship, General Partnership, Limited Partnership, S/C Corporation, and Limited Liability. Which have not honored the contract and are at risk for legal actions. The various liabilities between each owner will be discussed. Which will analyze ways to limit liability and display my future business structure. Now, let’s start with A sole proprietorship which is a business owned by only one person. According to Sole Proprietorship Taxes, a sole proprietorship is the easiestRead MoreTaking a Look at Different Forms of Business1394 Words   |  6 Pagestheir situation. Sole Proprietorship Sole proprietorships are the simplest and most common form of business. This form of business is generally owned by a single owner. The advantages of a sole proprietorships are that they are easy to setup and the owner has total autonomy of day-to-day operations of the business. There are some disadvantages to forming a business as a sole proprietor. As the sole owner, the business is limited on capital and resources for running the business. A sole proprietor isRead MoreBusiness Impact Of Business On Business854 Words   |  4 Pagesknow as sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. Sole proprietorship is a business structure in which one can operate and work on its own. It is the most straightforward and fastest approach to set up an operation. Many sole owners do business under their own name and many others like to use fictitious names such as Steve s Hair Salon. The fictitious name does not create a separate entity from the sole proprietor. It is just an appealing name given to the customers. Becoming a sole proprietorRead MoreThe Business Structures Of The United States1729 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket economy are sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and Limited Liability Company. These business structures are the most popular business structures in the United States due to their great amount of success, but they all have their own positive and negative qualities. When founding a new business, there is always one question that arises: Which business structure is the most efficient? The oldest and basic business structure of all time is the sole proprietorship structure. It is alsoRead MoreLegal Forms of Business1415 Words   |  6 Pagespractical considerations. To understand more about the different forms of business, it is important to consider the right structure for the business (Legal Forms, 2006). Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship simply means a business with one owner. With many forms of organizations out there, this is the most common. In a sole proprietorship, a business organization is not separate from its owner, just under a business name in which the owner represents him or herself to the public (Lee, 2011). ScenarioRead MoreDifferent Forms of Business: Exploring Definitions and Scenarios1029 Words   |  4 Pagesof these differences, as many individuals immediately understand upon making purchases that buying groceries from a fall family-operated grocery store is far different than purchasing a new television from a nationally-operated chain. While many people understand that certain differences between these types of businesses exist, it is far less common for an individual to understand the specifics. The world of business is vast and varying, containing categories such as the sole proprietorship, the partnershipRead MoreBusiness Impact Of Business On Business858 Words   |  4 Pagesknow as sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. Sole proprietorship is a business structure in which one can operate and work on its own. It is the most straightforward and fastest approach to set up an operation. Many sole owners do business under their own name and many others like to use fictitious names such as Steve s Hair Salon. The fictitious name does not create a separate entity from the sole proprietor. It is just an appealing name given to the customers. Becoming a sole proprietorRead MoreEssay Purpose Of Financial Statements1020 Words   |  5 PagesStatements of businesses from different sectors of the economy A  partnership  is an arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. A business organization in which two or more individuals manage and operate the business. Both owners are equally and personally liable for the debts from the business. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTNERSHIPS The characteristics of partnerships are different from the sole proprietorships already studied in basic accounting. Some of the more importantRead MoreFinance Management Overview Essay examples1186 Words   |  5 Pagesorganize as a corporation rather than as a sole proprietorship or a partnership? a. Corporations generally face fewer regulations. b. Corporations generally face lower taxes. c. Corporations generally find it easier to raise capital. d. Corporations enjoy unlimited liability. e. Statements c and d are correct. Firm organization Answer: a [ii]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. One advantage of forming a corporation is that you haveRead MoreSmall Business Idea1521 Words   |  7 Pagessuited for his or her product or service. There has to be consideration with legal, tax, accounting, and other implications when selecting from the four business types. This paper will explore the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship, corporation, and partnership. This paper will attempt to discuss account financial statements applicable to various forms of business, consequences associated with each form of business (e.g. legal and tax implications, and accounting implications, such as

Intellectual Property and the Future of the Music...

Corruption, Conscience, and Copyright: The Current State of Intellectual Property and the Future of the Music Industry â€Å"Today’s pirates operate not on the high seas but on the Internet, in illegal CD factories, distribution centers, and on the street. The pirate’s credo is still the same--why pay for it when it’s so easy to steal? The credo is as wrong as it ever was. Stealing is still illegal, unethical, and all too frequent in today’s digital age. That is why RIAA [Recording Industry Association of America] continues to fight music piracy.† – RIAA.com The human conscience is a powerful tool. And if you are like most Americans, you probably consider yourself to be a rather moral person, at least based upon your own morality,†¦show more content†¦But why, then, do millions of Americans continue to download copyrighted material from the internet? Perhaps, despite legal prohibition, most consciences do not consider it immoral. And perhaps these millions of American consciences are correct. Let me make it clear, there is no doubt that property rights are a necessary feature of a successful economy. This certainly includes intellectual property rights, which ensure quality and consistency for buyers, and secure incentives for continued production by the sellers. However, intellectual property rights are inherently more abstract than rights concerning physical property, and there has always been a legally interpreted grey area concerning intellectual property. Intellectual property, unlike physical property, is non-rival. If a good is rival, it means that one person’s use of the object will diminish another person’s use of that object, as in the example of an apple: one person’s eating of an apple will diminish another person’s ability to eat that apple. Intellectual property, on the other hand, is not rival, meaning one person’s use will not diminish another person’s use. For example, one person’s viewing of a painting will not diminish another’s experience of that painting, or one person’s listening to a song will not diminish the experience of another person listening to that same song. The non-rival nature ofShow MoreRelatedCopyright And Public Domain Within The Entertainment Industry907 Words   |  4 PagesCaitlin Davis Project Proposal Assignment Dr. Fox-Horton 19 February 2017 Copyright and Public Domain within the Entertainment Industry What aspects make up intellectual property? How is it protected? According to Leslie Ellen Harris, it is important to shed light on just what copyright is. She writes, â€Å"Section 102 of the U.S. Copyright Act states the following: In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, methodRead MoreComputer Gateway : Direct Competitor Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesand Kompoz †¢ Music Gateway - Direct competitor Music Gateway was established in 2011 in London, which is an online marketplace connecting the creative world and music professionals. Their platform allows users to create and pitch on projects that match their exact needs. We have many things in common with Music Gateway such as we are all online marketplace; we have the same focus field, music industry; we want to provide service which can facilitate the development of music industry etc. HoweverRead MoreImpact Of Intellectual Property Theft And Copyright Infringement1389 Words   |  6 PagesThis report will examine the impact of intellectual property theft and copyright infringement upon the company Music and Film Innovators. I will obtain statistical data that shows what, how, and who is responsible for these thefts. I will also provide viable solutions and recommendations to Music and Film Innovators (MFI) in order to reduce the company’s exposure and subsequent losses. I will provide various ways that Music and Film Innovators creations and personnel data can be protected soRead MoreThe Ethical Requirements Of Sharing Music1613 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Phonographic Industry, European Broadcasting Union and the International Federation of Musicians represented the three interests. These finally gave birth to the Rome Convention. Copyright is protected in different Articles of the Convention. Just to highlight one of them, Article 7 provides that performers are to be given rights that prevent broadcasters from communicating the information to the public. This is congruent with the ethical requirements of sharing music. It also prevents performanceRead MorePiracy, The Intellectual Property Rights Of The Recording Industry Association Of America1285 Words   |  6 Pages 1 Piracy is defined as illegally acquiring a private property, in this case, music, without paying for it. Piracy, therefore, violates the intellectual property rights of the recording companies, together called Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The intellectual property right being violated at hand is the copyright laws that the RIAA have. The biggest problem that the RIAA has with this violation is that they believe their sales are declining because of piracy. In fact, theRead MoreHe Advantages and Disadvantages of Intellectual Property in the Digital Age.1461 Words   |  6 Pagesand disadvantages of intellectual property in the digital age. Intellectual property is an umbrella term that covers copyright, patents, trademarks, designs, and confidentiality and trade secrets. Each of these terms covers a different type of property that is made up of knowledge. Many of these terms cover physical objects, however it is the idea behind them that counts and needs to be protected. The growth of the Internet has put pressure on traditional intellectual property protections such asRead MoreThe Legal And Economic Concerns Of Copyright Laws1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthe entertainment industry. Finally, it will conclude with a look at how a hypothetical system without copyright laws would function. The World Intellectual Property Organization is an international organization whose purpose is promoting innovation and creativity by ensuring that the rights of owners of intellectual property and creators are globally protected, and that authors and inventors are thus rewarded and recognized for their ingenuity.[1] The term intellectual property refers to the creationsRead MoreThe Importance of Copyright1614 Words   |  6 Pagesreserves the right to resell the materials at some point in the future. Since the research materials are provided to you by human beings, and may be based on numerous sources, it is strongly recommended that you conduct independent research to verify that all information is complete and accurate before referencing the material. This reminder does not contain all of the terms and conditions that govern your purchase The need to copyright Introduction Read MoreEssay on Napster: From Illegal Weapon to Killer Application855 Words   |  4 PagesAmidst the hot debate about whether or not music should be free, are ethical and moral considerations as well. The emergence of digital entertainment, whether MP3, peer-to-peer (P2P) applications, video streaming, or audio books, has caused an inevitable shift in the entertainment market (Weiss, 2006). Napster rapidly became a success when it started allowing its customers to download MP3 music free of charge. In fact, Napster’s form of file-sharing shifted the entertainment market from a commodityRead More Copyrights: Intellectual Property and Technology Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesCopyrights: Intellectual Property and Technology The Government and many other agencies around the world are continuously at work to improve protections for intellectual property rights and the enforcement of intellectual property laws. In today’s age of digital madness, passing legislation and actually enforcing of those laws becomes a very daunting task. However, the protection of intellectual property has both individual and social benefits. It protects the right of the creator of something of

Female Business Graduates in the UAE-Free Samples-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Empirical Study of the Influence of Mentors and Organisational Climate on the Ethical attitudes and Decision making of the National Female Business Graduates in the United Arab Emirates . Answer: Introduction: The issues related to the reports of unethical behaviour have become very common in the Middle East as well as in other parts of the world. There have been reports of ethical orientation changes in the people of the UAE. There has been a drastic transformation in terms of a change from a conventional society of farmers and fishermen to a modern and majorly commercialised and industrial society. Several studies have examined the effect of mentoring on the ethical choice of professionals. The generation differences in the representation of ethics have been mentioned as it is believed that the new generation corresponds to new ethics. It is also mentioned that for an extended period of time the wrong notions or the beliefs which have been held about women have not changed much and continue to remain within the society. The aim of the report is to fill certain differences in the ethical values and the attitudes by investigation of the ethical concepts as perceived by the young Emirati wo men. The issue addressed in the article: There is a shortage of workers in the UAE and therefore it is largely dependent on the expatriate workers and according to the reports and statistics the majority of the UAE population comprises of expatriates. The working culture of the UAE is multicultural by nature. The number of educated women has increased immensely from the almost non-existent number (Abdalla, 1996). At the present scenario the women are encouraged to become highly educated and to encourage this free education is provided at all levels which lead women to take up the most influential and managerial roles. The issue of the existence of the individualism-collectivism dichotomy is discussed which mentions about the contrast between the individual and community views. It has been discussed that the ethical orientation and the impacts on the ethical evaluations are also discussed (Dellaportas et al., 2005). The main points highlighted in the study: There have been certain hypotheses which have been discussed in the study. The first hypothesis states that there is an optimistic relationship between the level of National female graduates ethical orientation and NFGs other attributes like the seriousness of an unethical situation, he ethical evaluation of the ethical behaviour, the behavioural intention, the choice or selection of professional advice and choice of more ethical decision. The second hypothesis states that there is a noteworthy positive relationship between the NFGs and mentoring support (James Mcmanus, 2017). The facts regarding the seriousness of an unethical situation, the behaviour of higher colleagues in this case is the professional bodies for advice, ethical behavioural intention and the choice of more ethical decisions. The third hypothesis relates to the positive relationship between the NFGs perceptions of standard and the seriousness of unethical situations, the evaluation of ethical behaviour of senior c olleagues, the ethical behavioural intentions in several cases and so on (Yousef, 2000). The research methodologies which have been used: The sample has been collected based on the students of a female only campus of a government university in the United Arab Emirates. The graduating business students were surveyed before and after their internships. The students were asked on their experiences by the questionnaire method of survey. The ethical behaviour and the ethical scenario of the respondents were discussed in the first section, the next section relates to the NFGs formal and informal mentoring relationships (Salloum, 2003). The regression analysis conducted on the data collected is to check the relevant hypothesis related to the data. The set of hypothesis put forward a positive relationship between the female graduates perceptions of support and mentorship and their seriousness towards an unethical situation. The patterns of the female candidates thought processes have been analysed in this particular scenario. The factors which involve the decision making of the female graduates need to be understood for furthe r study which is the aim of the assignment (Whiteoak, Crawford Mapstone, 2006). Key findings and possibilities of future research: The tests which were conducted in order to understand whether there were anomalies between the pre and post internship responses with regard to the seriousness of the issue as well and the assessment of the decisions. The key findings show that there is a positive influence of the mentors on a protgs perceptions regarding certain norms of ethical behaviour. There is also an indicated significant relationship between the career development and the decision of the interns. There is the influence of the peers on the new professional employees based on the behavioural patterns of the individuals. The perception of the workplace scenario also impacts the students behaviour in the workplace (Yousef, 2000). Conclusion: The students behaviour is influenced by the attitudes of the mentor and the peers and their perceptions of right and wrong are also influenced by their attitudes. The explanation of how a students mind works is beneficial because the companys or the organisations get benefited from the prior knowledge of the scenario related to the workplace. Further investigation needs to be carried out in order to understand the ethical issues. The different value systems and the enhancement of the work scenario is important. The organisations need to frame the work scenario in such a way that the ethical standards are maintained and the concerns of the individuals need to be looked after. The other impacts namely the impact of the university curriculum and other factors need to be evaluated. The sample size of the conducted study is less so further investigation needs to be conducted with a larger sample size. The ethical decisions ad behaviour is a very important issue in the educational as well as workplace scenario. The inclusion of the ethical education in the curriculum is an issue which needs proper amount of consideration. Some amount of future research needs to be conducted before a proper conclusion can be drawn. References: Abdalla, I. A. (1996). Attitudes towards women in the Arabian Gulf region.Women in Management Review,11(1), 29-39. Dellaportas, S., Gibson, K., Alagiah, R., Hutchinson, M., Leung, P., Van Homrigh, D. (2005). Ethics, governance and accountability.A Professional Perspective. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. James, W Mcmanus, L. (2017). An Empirical Study of the Influence of Mentors and Organisational Climate on the Ethical Attitudes and Decision- Making of National Female Business Graduates in the United Arab Emirates. . Salloum, H. (2003). Women in the United Arab Emirates.Contemporary Review,283(1651), 101-101. Whiteoak, J. W., Crawford, N. G., Mapstone, R. H. (2006). Impact of gender and generational differences in work values and attitudes in an Arab culture.Thunderbird International Business Review,48(1), 77-91. Yousef, D. A. (2000). Organizational commitment as a mediator of the relationship between Islamic work ethic and attitudes toward organizational change.Human Relations,53(4), 513-537.

Isolation and Capital Punishments

Isolation and capital punishments are both social evils. Isolating people deprives them the right to stay with their families, and limits their freedom of movement (Samaha 418).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation and Capital Punishments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, isolated persons seem to acquire brain disorders in the end and they become obliterated socially. On the other hand, capital punishments such as deaths deprives of people the freedom of life and goes against God’s command which disallows intentional killings of persons, or murder. Human beings need interaction with other people due to their social nature. Harlow used monkeys to study impacts of social isolation by raising these monkeys in a nursery. He concluded that neglected and orphaned children experience psychological damage, similar to monkeys. Therefore, he showed that children need nurturing for proper functioning of their brains (Gawande par. 9). Experiments on human adults also show similar results. Long distance sailors, who only communicate through videos report high levels of loneliness that destroy their souls. Anderson, a chief Middle East correspondent, missed people terribly during his confinement. He dozed off and yearned for any form of activity during the day. Later, he began trembling and he feared to lose his mind. Eventually, Anderson lost his mind and he began beating his forehead against the wall. Proponents of long-term isolation in prisons argue that it prevents violence and offers discipline (Gawande par. 13). When prisoners disobey rules by engaging in drugs and attacking correction staff, wardens have no choice but to offer penalty in efforts to contain the behavior (Gawande par. 13). Therefore, proponents label isolation as unavoidable and term all those that fail to support this idea as naà ¯ve. In America, the number of prisoners in isolation is quite high. America beli eves that confining prisoners together increases violence due to overcrowding. Besides, some criminals are just too dangerous for common housing. Britain tried solitary confinement of prisoners, but it failed as violence in the cells increased.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Alternatively, Britain adopted a system of preventing violence in prison instead of offering more punishments. They presented violent prisoners with more control by offering them opportunities for work, education as well as special programming (Gawande par. 72). Britain found out that prisoners who were extremely violent in one area behaved perfectly well in other areas. In the same way, Felton, a psychosis who faced confinement at some point, argues against solitary confinement. Capital punishment, similar to isolation, is also evil. Death penalty is certainly wrong, since every human being has a right to life. Besides, governments attain moral authority from God and thus, should not break His command against murder and avenge (Scalia par. 13). No person has power to avenge by death, as this is a divine responsibility. Besides, most crimes that lead to capital punishments are less likely to come from the same offender for a second time. For instance, domestic murder that results from passion is unlikely to come from the same person for a second time. Nevertheless, involved persons undergo life imprisonment just as a form of punishment, or justice. Clearly, this is vengeance, which is against the will of God. Besides, such persons are not likely to gain from any form of rehabilitation offered in prisons. Rather, imprisonment will just make them to lose their minds due to loneliness experienced in isolation. The main reason behind punishment inflicted by the society is to rectify disorder that results from the offense. However, it is obvious that capital punishment hardly defends the s ociety, or corrects disorder. The structure of the word’s penal system has seen much upgrading to include cells that are very clean, meals planned by nutritionists, rooms for exercise and even allows visits by partners. This arrangement of just retribution does not prohibit evil acts, as people are not afraid to face reprimand with these conditions. The penalty of death is wrong, as no government or person has moral authority over life. The main force behind modern hatred to the death penalty is comparing government morality with personal morality. This is plain due to contemporary democratic governments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation and Capital Punishments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The catholic religion, for instance, allows death penalty if it makes prudential considerations However, it becomes difficult to know when such considerations are prudent. The Catholic Church disallows mate rs such as abortion and birth control totally, yet considers death penalty as just and right in some occasions. In conclusion, both isolation and capital punishments are social evils. Isolating prisoners causes psychological damage and does not stop violence, or discipline them as expected. While proponents of isolation label it as unavoidable, a country like Britain has adopted a system of preventing violence in prison, and not practicing isolation. Violent prisoners get more control through opportunities such as work and education. Similarly, capital punishment in the form of death penalty is wrong, as life is divine. Besides, death penalty does not prevent crime, as same offenders never commit most crimes that lead to capital punishments. In addition, death penalty for vengeance is unjustifiable according to biblical doctrine. Therefore, societies should ban capital punishments and try other ways of handling persons who commit serious offenses. Works Cited Gawande, Atul. Hellhole : The United States holds tens of thousands of inmates in long-term solitary confinement. Is this torture? The New Yorker. 30 Mar. 2009. Web. Samaha, Joel. Criminal justice, Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006. Print. Scalia, Antonin. God’s Justice and Ours. Issue Archive. May 2002. Web. This essay on Isolation and Capital Punishments was written and submitted by user Maya Pierce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Battle of the Seelow Heights in World War II

The Battle of the Seelow Heights in World War II The Battle of the Seelow Heights was fought April 16-19, 1945, during World War II (1939-1945). Part of the larger Battle of the Oder-Neisse, the fighting saw Soviet forces attempting to capture Seelow Heights to the east of Berlin. Known as the Gates of Berlin, the heights were assaulted by Marshal Georgy Zhukovs 1st Belorussian Front. Lasting three days, the battle saw extremely bitter fighting as German troops sought to defend their capital. The German position was finally shattered on April 19, opening the road to Berlin. Background Since fighting began on the Eastern Front in June 1941, German and Soviet forces were engaged across the width of the Soviet Union. Having halted the enemy at Moscow, the Soviets were able to slowly push the Germans west aided by key victories at Stalingrad and Kursk. Driving across Poland, the Soviets entered into Germany and began planning for an offensive against Berlin in early 1945. In late March, Marshal Georgy Zhukov, commander of the 1st Belorussian Front, traveled to Moscow to discuss the operation with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Also present was Marshal Ivan Konev, commander of the 1st Ukrainian Front, whose men were positioned to Zhukovs south. Rivals, both men presented their prospective plans to Stalin for the capture of Berlin. Listening to both marshals, Stalin elected to back Zhukovs plan which called for an assault against the Seelow Heights from the Soviet bridgehead over the Oder River. Though he supported Zhukov, he informed Konev that 1st Ukrainian Front should be ready to strike against Berlin from the south should the 1st Belorussian Front become bogged down around the heights. With the fall of Kà ¶nigsberg on April 9, Zhukov was able to rapidly redeploy his command to a narrow front opposite the heights. This corresponded with Konev shifting the bulk of his men north to a position along the Neisse River. To support his build up in the bridgehead, Zhukov constructed 23 bridges over the Oder and operated 40 ferries. By mid-April, he had assembled 41 divisions, 2,655 tanks, 8,983 guns, and 1,401 rocket launchers in the bridgehead. German Preparations As Soviet forces massed, the defense of the Seelow Heights fell to Army Group Vistula. Led by Colonel-General Gotthard Heinrici, this formation consisted of Lieutenant General Hasso von Manteuffels 3rd Panzer Army to the north and Lieutenant General Theodor Busses 9th Army in the south. Though a sizable command, the bulk of Heinricis units were badly under strength or composed of large numbers of Volksturm militia. Colonel-General Gotthard Heinrici. Public Domain A brilliant defensive tactician, Heinrici immediately began fortifying the heights as well as constructed three defensive lines to defend the area. The second of these was located on the heights and featured a variety of heavy anti-tank weapons. To further impede a Soviet advance, he directed his engineers to open dams further up the Oder to turn the already soft floodplain between the heights and the river into a swamp. To the south, Heinricis right joined with Field Marshal Ferdinand Schà ¶rners Army Group Center. Schà ¶rners left was opposed by Konevs front. Battle of Seelow Heights Conflict: World War IIDates: April 16-19, 1945Armies Commanders:Soviet UnionMarshal Georgy Zhukovapproximately 1,000,000 menGermanyColonel-General  Gotthard Heinrici112,143 menCasualties:Soviets: approximately 30,000-33,000 killedGermans: approximately 12,000 killed The Soviets Attack At 3:00 AM on April 16, Zhukov commenced a massive bombardment of the German positions using artillery and Katyusha rockets. The bulk of this struck the first German defensive line in front of the heights. Unknown to Zhukov, Heinrici had anticipated the bombardment and had withdrawn the bulk of his men back to the second line on the heights. Surging forward a short time later, Soviet forces began moving across the inundated Oderbruch Valley. The swampy terrain, canals, and other obstructions in the valley badly impeded the advance and the Soviets soon began to take heavy losses from German anti-tank guns on the heights. With the attack bogging down, General Vasily Chuikov, commanding the 8th Guards Army, attempted to push his artillery forward to better support his men near the heights. Soviet artillery during the Battle of Seelow Heights, April 1945. Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-E0406-0022-012 / CC-BY-SA 3.0 With his plan unraveling, Zhukov learned that Konevs attack to the south was having success against Schà ¶rner. Concerned that Konev might reach Berlin first, Zhukov ordered his reserves to move forward and enter the battle in the hope that added numbers would bring a breakthrough. This order was issued without consulting Chuikov and soon the roads were jammed with 8th Guards artillery and the advancing reserves. The resulting confusion and intermixing of units led to a loss of command and control. As a result, Zhukovs men ended the first day of battle without achieving their goal of taking the heights. Reporting the failure to Stalin, Zhukov learned that the Soviet leader had directed Konev to turn north towards Berlin. Grinding Through the Defenses During the night, Soviet artillery successfully moved forward. Opening with a massive barrage on the morning of April 17, it signaled another Soviet advance against the heights. Pressing forward throughout the day, Zhukovs men began to make some headway against the German defenders. Clinging to their position, Heinrici and Busse were able to hold until nightfall but were aware that they could not maintain the heights without reinforcements. Though parts of two SS Panzer divisions were released, they would not reach Seelow in time. The German position at the Seelow Heights was further compromised by Konevs advance to the south. Attacking again on April 18, the Soviets began to push through the German lines, though at a heavy price. By nightfall, Zhukovs men had reached the final line of German defenses. Also, Soviet forces were beginning to bypass the heights to the north. Combined with Konevs advance, this action threatened to envelop the Heinricis position. Charging forward on April 19, the Soviets overwhelmed the last German defensive line. With their position shattered, German forces began retreating west towards Berlin. With the road open, Zhukov began a rapid advance on Berlin. Aftermath In the fighting at the Battle of the Seelow Heights, the Soviets sustained over 30,000 killed as well as lost 743 tanks and self-propelled guns. German losses numbered around 12,000 killed. Though a heroic stand, the defeat effectively eliminated the last organized German defenses between the Soviets and Berlin. Moving west, Zhukov and Konev encircled the German capital on April 23 and the former began the final battle for the city. Falling on May 2, World War II in Europe ended five days later.

A Review of Reading Eggspress

A Review of Reading Eggspress Reading Eggspress is an interactive online program intended for students in grades second through sixth and designed to build reading and comprehension skills. Reading Eggspress is a direct extension of the Reading Eggs program. Both programs are sold as a single unit. This means that if you purchase the program for Reading Eggs, you also have access to Reading Eggspress and vice versa. The two programs are uniquely different, but intertwined at their core. Whereas Reading Eggs is a learning to read program, Reading Eggspress is a reading to learn program. The program was originally developed in Australia by Blake Publishing, but brought to schools in the United States by the same company that developed Study Island, Archipelago Learning. Reading Eggspress was designed to actively engage students in fun, interactive activities that build their vocabulary knowledge, comprehension skills, and overall reading level. The components found in Reading Eggspress include a wide range of lessons, learning resources, games designed to motivate, and e-books. This program is not intended to replace traditional classroom instruction, but instead as a supplemental program that can aid in comprehension skill building. There are 240 interactive comprehension lessons in 24 levels of Reading Eggspress. Each level contains ten books that students can choose from. There are five   non-fiction and  fiction books to choose for every level. Each unique lesson includes five pre-reading activities that build and teach comprehension strategies. At the end of each lesson is a passage from a story. Students are required to read the passage and answer a set of sixteen comprehension questions to assess a student’s understanding of that passage. Students must score a 75% or better on the quiz to move on to the next level. Reading Eggspress is Teacher/Parent Friendly Reading Eggspress is easy to add a single student or a whole class.Reading Eggspress has terrific reporting that makes it easy to monitor individual student or whole class progress.Reading Eggspress provides teachers with a downloadable letter to send home to parents. The letter explains what Reading Eggspress is and provides login information for students to work on the program at home at no additional cost. It also provides parents with the opportunity to have an account to track their student’s progress at no additional cost.Reading Eggspress provides teachers with a comprehensive user guide as well as toolkit loaded with books, lesson plans, resources, and activities. The teacher toolkit has over 500 library book titles with worksheets and activities that they can use in conjunction with their Smart Board to interactively teach lessons to the whole class. Reading Eggspress is Instructional with Diagnostic Components Reading Eggspress provides teachers and parents with the opportunity to assign specific levels to students and differentiate instruction. For example if a third grade teacher has two students who are advanced they can automatically place them in a higher grade level.Reading Eggspress also provides teachers and parents with the option of giving each student a diagnostic placement test. This test consists of twenty questions. When the student misses three questions, then the program assigns them to the appropriate lesson that corresponds to how they did on the placement test. This allows students to skip past levels which they have already mastered and places them at the level in the program where they should be.Reading Eggspress allows teachers and parents to reset a student’s progress at any time in the program. Reading Eggspress is Fun Interactive Reading Eggspress has age appropriate themes and animations.Reading Eggspress allows users to create and personalize their own unique avatar.Reading Eggspress provides users with incentives and rewards. Each time they complete an activity, they are rewarded with golden eggs. Their egg count is kept in the top right corner of the screen. They can the eggs to buy pets, clothes for their avatar, or accessories for their house.Reading Eggspress allows users who complete a lesson to earn a collectible trading card. The user gets to select which category they want the card to be associated with including Fantastica, Beastie, Animalia, Astrotek, Starstruck, and Worldspan. Cards are then placed in the user’s apartment. Users can also purchase cards at the mall with their earned eggs.Reading Eggspress allows users to earn medals. For every thousand eggs earned in a week, a student earns a bronze medal. A silver medal is earned for five thousand eggs. A gold medal is earned for fifteen thousand eggs. Reading Eggspress allows users to keep track of targets (goals). There is a target with an arrow in the center in the top right corner of the interface. Users who click this will see targets (goals) that they have met in the program as well as targets (goals) that they have not met. Reading Eggspress is Comprehensive Reading Eggspress has several other learning activities and games aside from those in the standard 240 comprehension lessons.The Gym is where you will find all the comprehension lessons and activities. There is also a daily game located in the gym. This game changes each day and focuses on a variety of reading skills. Students can compete against other users across the nation for the daily high score.The Library consists of over 600 e-books in both fiction and non-fiction. The library is easily searchable by title or topic. Students who found a particular passage in the comprehension gym to be interesting can go to the library to read the entire book. Students can click on a single book in the library to find out information including the author, number of pages, how many eggs they can earn from reading it, and how many other users have read it. At the end of the book students will be given a comprehension quiz and they will also be able to rate the book. They can also save books tha t they especially enjoy on their favorite’s shelf. The Stadium allows you to competitively build individual skills in the areas of spelling, grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. There are four games that you can choose to challenge the computer or play head to head with another user is logged into the program at the same time. The games include spelling sprint, grammar skating, vocabulary pursuit, and freestyle usage. There are five difficulty levels for the user to choose from for each game.The Mall is the place where students can use their eggs to purchase a variety of different things. Stores in the mall include Passion for Fashion, Dressed to Thrill, Collector’s Corner, Apartment Living, and Perfect Pets.The Apartment is the place where students can change their avatar, view their trading cards, see their trophies, or decorate their apartment. The apartment also contains access to a game called Quote Quest where students use clues to search through tunnels to find quotes from different books. Students can earn eggs by finding the quotes and choosing the correct book. Cost Parents can purchase a one year subscription to Reading Eggspress for $75.00 and a 6 month subscription for $49.95. They also have the option to purchase a monthly subscription at $9.95 per month. Schools can purchase annual classroom subscriptions for 1-35 students for $269, 36-70 students for $509, 71-105 students for $749, 106-140 students for $979, 141-175 students for $1,199, 176-245 students for $1,659, 246-355 students for $1,979, 356-500 students for $2,139, 501-750 students for $3000, and 750 students will cost $4 per student. Overall Reading Eggspress is a terrific program to build a student’s reading comprehension skills. I have used this program with students and they absolutely love to use it. In fact, they will try to negotiate to stay on the program longer. As a teacher, I especially like how each lesson builds skills essential to comprehension before students are required to read and take a quiz. Reading comprehension is so much more than just passing a quiz and this program does it the right way and presents it to students through a method that is engaging, fun, and interactive. Overall, I give this program a five out five stars, because I believe it does what it is intended to do and effectively keeps the users attention at the same time.

Comparison of Ellis Island and Angels Island Essay

Comparison of Ellis Island and Angels Island - Essay Example Similarly, for an immigrant, it becomes difficult to adjust to the new surroundings, new customs and a new habitat altogether. Although both the parties mutually adjust and co-exist in the future, the initial phase would always be remembered.History of Ellis Island and Angel Island needs to be understood bearing this in mind. Both these points were recognized as entry points to America. Ellis Island is located in the upper bay just off New Jersey coast, within the shadow of a statue of Liberty. Today approximately 40% of America’s population can trace their origins back to Ellis Island and that is because the island has a history of processing twelve million immigration applications. Ellis Island got its name after its owners Samuel Ellis and was also known as Oyster Island earlier. Federal Government after procuring the island from Samuel Ellis primarily for the defense purpose. The immigration was processed at Castle Garden in New York which was later shifted to Ellis Island . The initial influx was of northern and western Europeans and much later southern and eastern Europeans also made their way to America through Ellis Island. Europe was mainly becoming stifling in terms of religion and socio-economic constraints. To escape from these conditions people migrated to a new land altogether. The quarantine ships examined the passengers while they were still in the waters and identified and separated people who were having contagious disease, disorders and were the potential threat to society. The passengers were then preceded to the island where rest of the formalities was carried out. Although it acquired a reputation of â€Å"island of tears† the usual proceedings did not take more than a few short hours to start a new life in America.

The Office Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Office - Movie Review Example The Office is a documentary on the day-to-day undertakings of the employees the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of a fictitious firm Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company. The show is presented as a humorous look at the different issues and foolishness that happens in the workplace. The branch is run by the single, middle-aged and boastful Regional Director Michael Scott who also serves as the host in the documentary. With his huge passion for business, Scott sees himself as the "office funnyman, a fountain of business wisdom and his employees' cool friend" (About the Office 4). However, his painstaking effort to be liked by his colleagues is in vain as he only appears pathetic and absurd. Other notable main characters are: Pam Beesly, the office receptionist; Jim Halpert, a sales representative; Dwight Schrute, the assistant to the regional manager; and Ryan Howard, a temporary employee. Economically speaking, opportunity cost is defined as "the cost of something in terms of an opportunity forgone or the most valuable forgone alternative" (Opportunity Costs 1). In The Office it is apparent that Jim Halpert foregoes the opportunity of securing better working alternatives when he continued working for Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company. The economic hegemony of the United States is currently being tain... It is estimated that the budget allocated to the war reaches $1 trillion which could have been used to finance economic and social projects such as livelihood, housing, and education. Thus, the opportunity cost of going to war can be stated as the social and economic benefit which could have been derived from the investments in socio-economic projects. 2. Law of Supply and Demand The issue of downsizing has been recurring in the episodes of the TV show. It should be noted that downsizing stems from the fact that the supply of labor in the economy is much higher than the actual demand requiring some adjustments through employee lay-offs. The same issue is faced by employees in the nation. The trade liberalization has eliminated national boundaries facilitating the mobility of job and investments. Business process outsourcing has become a trend channeling jobs to other countries where the cost of labor is lower like China, India, and Philippines thereby lowering the demand for labor in the United States. Recently, the customer service department of large business organizations like Dell, HP, and IBM has been deployed in these countries lowering the demand for US labor. This movement in demand changes the equilibrium by decreasing supply through downsizing. Works Cited "About the Office." NBC Website. 2007. April 18, 2007 "The Office." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2007. April 18, 2007 "Opportunity Costs." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 2007. April 18, 2007

Long period of time Essay Example for Free

Long period of time Essay What Techniques does Dickens use in Great Expectations to gain and sustain his readers attention and interest, and how effective do you find these techniques? Illustrate your answer using examples from the text?  Although Great Expectations was written some 150 years ago it is still being read even today. Dickens grabs the readers attention from the very start and manages to sustain it throughout the book by using a variety of techniques which I am going to explore in more depth. The chapter begins with the introduction of Pip and saying how his name came to be. My Fathers family name being Pirrip and my Christian name being Philip this gives the reader an impression that Pip is youre genuinely average person and the main character will most probably be Pip as he is introduced very sharply in the opening paragraph. Dickens characterises Pip and his tone of voice as learned and precise and uses formal vocabulary which may suggest he has had a good upbringing and his family are strong on manners and respect. Pip then begins to tell the reader that he never knew his parents and has never even seen them in photos let alone real life I never saw my Father or my Mother, and never saw and likeness of either of them Although he had never seen his Mother or Father humour and pathos combine in Pips explanation of how he formed a mental image of his parents The shape of the letters on my Fathers [tombstone] gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man with curly black hair Pip is shown as having a very powerful imagination and that he needed to create an image of his Father he never knew from whatever was left of him that he could find, even though it wasnt very promising. In the third paragraph Pip begins to describe the scenery and whereabouts of his location Ours was marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of the sea. Pip describes the area as if a camera was scanning the landscape and that we could see what he was describing which I think is very effective as it makes the reader more involved in the story as if they were there with him. Pips smallness, suffering and vulnerability is emphasised further on in the book At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard ; and that Philip Pirrip, Georgiana were dead and buried and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and Roger were also dead and buried. This gives the reader a sense of sympathy towards Pip as most of his family are dead and that he hasnt got much in his life. It also gives the reader an impression that Pips days are few as his family hasnt got a good track record of living long and this may worry Pip. The scenery dark flat wilderness and distant savage lair reflects Pips emotional state and feeling of no hope, which backs up the idea that Pips days are few and death may be around the corner. Dickens uses a mixture of emotions to fully gain and sustain the readers interest, and all of the characters have different personalities and physical features. Dickens also uses characternyms as a sharp way to introduce the individuality of the character and by one short phrase or even a word we can create a mental picture of what the character looks like. My name is Jaggers. The reader would feel by reading this that he is a hard, stern man with little emotion and that he has a jagged personality.  Mr Wopsle, the clerk at the church This is a very funny name and Dickens is trying to amuse the reader as the name isnt very common.  Uncle Pumblechock This is also a very funny name and suggests he may be an arrogant person with a posh, pompous personality. Dickens mixes humour with seriousness consistently throughout the course of the book and balances this just right to keep the reader wanting to keep going on and read more. He does this throughout the description of Mrs. Joe and forces the reader into creating their own image of her by saying things which offer little help in knowing what she may look like Not good looking. This is brief but it is backed up by an in-depth description of her personality which may help the reader complete the jigsaw in terms of Miss Joes appearance. He tells us. She must have made Joe marry her and had established a great reputation.. Because she had bought me up by hand. This gives the reader a clear idea of Mrs Joes personality as from those two phrases the reader can gather that she is a very strict, temperamental and bossy woman. Dickens uses a wide variety of techniques to make his novel more enjoyable and for the reader not to want to put it down. He illustrates every scene very well by using repetition, similes and metaphors. He uses repetition as a technique to reinstate his thought and to make the reader almost feel as if he/she is there, as the point has been emphasized twice. It was wretched weather; stormy and wet, stormy and wet; and mud, mud, mud deep in all the streets It also makes us feel as if it has been raining for a long period of time. Another example of Dickens using repetition as a technique to gain and sustain his readers attention is when Pip meets the convict who when talking to Pip uses the word and many times, this shows that he feels over-whelmed by the presence of Pip and a bit scared as he stutters to find words as he uses and a lot. A fearful man all in coarse grey with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag ties round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smoothed by mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. Another technique that Dickens uses to devastating effect I feel is the pace as this keeps the reader interested at all times, he builds momentum up to a particular scene by keeping a consistent pace and then slows the pace down when using very descriptive language which creates suspense for the reader and keeps the readers imagination open as to what may happen next. He looked about him with the strongest air. Pulled off a rough outer coat. and. Hat. I saw that his head was furrowed and bald. Long iron grey hair growing on its sides. He stopped in his looking at me, and slowly rubbed his right hand over his head. He sat down on a chair that stood by the fire, and covered his forehead with his large brown veinous hands. Towards the end of the book Dickens does the opposite and uses an acceleration of pace. They had pulled one sudden stroke ahead, had got their oars in, had a run thwart us, and were holding on to out gunwale, before we knew what they were doing. This shows Pip as being excited as he is rushing what he is saying as he is not describing anything in detail and cant to say what happened. Another very good technique that dickens uses in Great Expectations is Dickenss larger than life characters that have been exaggerated to make the story come alive and more believable. A good example is Miss Havisham, as she is regularly described by Pip as some ghastly waxwork from the fair and having dark eyes. She is also described as a skeleton, and someone who had shrunk to skin and bone and having clothes that were faded and lost their brightness. This makes the reader perceive her as a very evil and dead person.  As I can see from his wide range of techniques that are used to great effect Dickens is able to gain and sustain the readers interest from the very start and keeping it going right through to the end of the book which makes Great Expectations so well renowned even today.

English as the Official Language Essay -- Language

â€Å"Emblematic of the period, Theodore Roosevelt asserted in 1919: ‘We have room for but one language here, and that is the English language, for we intend to see that the crucible turns out people as Americans and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding- house’ † (Daniels, 8). The question that has been around for hundreds of years: â€Å"Should English be declared the official language of the United States?† is still a controversy - refighting the same old sociolinguistic issue of the 1970s. The increased concern with different languages was obviously related to the World War but also to the major shift in the quantity of immigrants to America. For centuries, the United States of America has been considered the ultimate country where dreams are made and a place where everyone wants to migrate to for better living standards. It is argued that dialectally diverse nations need a standard language to permit mutual understanding and in a global society, for instance, it is the whole world that can benefit from a national language. French as well as Latin once took on this role as an international medium of communication and in this era, as well as the future years, English is and should be the global voice. Three episodes are worth examining in order to highlight the importance of America adopting English as the official language. How do immigrants affect the United States? What does it mean to make English the official language? And what are the advantages of making English the answer to unity? Although English and immigrants from all over the world are different means of reasoning, these issues reveal that they could be used for similar purposes in justifying this research. The debate regarding immigrants has been around for over one ... ...998): Web. 15 Apr. 2012. Daniels, Harvey. Not Only English: Affirming America’s Multilingual Heritage. Illinois: Urbana, 1990. Print. â€Å"Immigration.† Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 2011. Print. Mujica, Mauro. â€Å"Why the U.S. Needs an Official Language.† World and I. 2003. Web. 15 April 2012 Nicolino, Nicole M. "?Por que no podemos leer en la biblioteca?: questioning the application of official English legislation to public libraries." Journal of Gender, Race and Justice. (2007): 1. Web. Pelofsky, Jeremy. â€Å" Number Of Illegal Immigrants In The U.S. Is Stable.† Reuters. N.p. 24 March 2012. Web. 31 March 2012. â€Å"Real Solutions For The Economy: Stop Illegal Immigration.† John Birch Society. Savvy panda, n.d. Web. 11 April 12, 2012. Vall, Sandra Del. Language Rights And The Laws In The United States. NY: Tonowanda, 2003. Print.

Therapeutic Techniques

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Gerald Corey Section 5 APPLICATION: THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES The redecision therapy model of the Gouldings (1979) is grounded within the framework of TA theory, yet their methods are a combination of TA, Gestalt therapy, interactive group therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, family therapy, and psychodrama. Realizing the importance of combining the affective and the cognitive dimensions, the Gouldings draw heavily from TA heory for cognitive structure, and they use Gestalt techniques to provide the emotional work that breaks through the impasses clients often experience. Following is a brief description of some of the more commonly used processes, procedures, and techniques in TA practice. Most of them can be applied to both individual and group counseling. Therapeutic Procedures Structural analysis Structural analysis is a tool by which a person becomes aware of the content and functioning of his or her Parent, Adult, and Child.TA clients learn how to identify their own ego states. Structural analysis helps them resolve patterns that they feel stuck with. It allows them to find out which ego state their behavior is based on. With that knowledge they can determine their options. Transactional Analysis Two problems related to the structure of personality can be considered by structural analysis: contamination and exclusion. Contamination exists when the contents of one ego state are mixed with those of another. For example, the Parent, the Child, or both may intrude within the oundaries of the Adult ego state and interfere with the clear thinking and functioning of the Adult. (Figure 1). Contamination from the Parent is typically manifested through prejudiced ideas and attitudes; contamination from the Child involves distorted perceptions of reality. When contamination of the Adult by the Parent, the Child, or both exists, â€Å"boundary work† is called for so that the demarcation of each eg o state can be clearly drawn. When the ego-state boundaries are realigned, he person understands his or her Child and Parent rather than being contaminated by them. Here are some statements reflecting contamination from the Parent: â€Å"Don’t mix with people who are not of our kind†; â€Å"Never trust Italians†; â€Å"Watch out for mechanics; they’ll cheat you every time†; â€Å"You can’t depend on teenagers. † The following statements reflect contamination from the Child: â€Å"Everyone’s always picking on me. Nobody treats me right†; â€Å"Anything I want I should get right now†; â€Å"Who could possibly ever want to be my friend? †

Ptlls Ass 1 Level 4

Ass2. V1 Assessment 2: 008 ‘Evaluate legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to the role and responsibilities of the teacher’ Teachers, Tutors, Industry Trainers and Instructors are governed by a wide range of legislation in their practice. Each piece of legislation is from a different area which makes these professions a challenging and at times a frustrating area to develop those students that are there and willing to learn. 1. 1 The key aspects of legislation that regulate the area that I teach are varied.We are all governed by The Health & Safety at Work Act 1974, Data Protection Act 2008 and the Equality Act 2010 to name but a few. The key regulatory requirements that I work to are as follows: The Company Health, Safety & Welfare Policy Company Equal Opportunities Policy CDG (Carriage of Dangerous Goods & Transport of Pressure Equipment Regulations 2011) as amended. ADR (European Agreement Concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road 2011) . The regulations are amended and updated every 2 years. SQA (Scottish Qualifications Association) Manual of practice.This manual has been produced by the SQA to ensure that all training providers have met the set criteria as laid down for the Instructors qualifications to conduct the ADR Driver Training Courses. The list above is an extract of the key regulations that are within my main teaching responsibilities. In addition, there are many more that deal with differing aspects of industry training that we conduct for other companies. The complete list would be far too long and it is only a summary of the key aspects that are required. 2. With the above mentioned regulations there are key boundaries between the teaching role and other professional roles. I suggest that we analyse the difference between these boundaries. The teacher? s role is to pass the knowledge of the subject they are teaching to the students in a professional manner and without prejudice to any member of the cl ass. At times hurdles could be put in the way for the teacher, such as learning difficulties (dyslexia), according to (Petty, 2009, p. 89) â€Å"Never show impatience with a dyslexic student; they are much more frustrated by their difficulties than you can ever be! 1 Ass2. V1 There are also behavioural issues ADHD, (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and social boundaries (Henley,2009 [online]) following the case against Helen Goddard a 26 year old public school teacher who after having a sexual relationship with a pupil was sentenced to 15 months in prison. There are set boundaries that you as a teacher should not cross or challenge as a „Professional? e. g. ; ignore a sexist or racist comment, criticize students in front of peers, colleagues or other students.You must remember that you are looked up to by most of your students as a role model. You may be the only person that they can talk to about their needs outside school or college. They may want to tell you somet hing in confidence, as a professional you must remind them that you will have to report the conversation to your peers. In my opinion within other professions to give students constructive criticism when other colleagues are present is acceptable as the other colleagues may have more experience within that certain area of the subject that is being taught to the students.Despite this your responsibility as a teacher is to ensure that this situation does not intimidate or become overbearing for the student. As a teacher / tutor within the education profession ask yourself one question: What makes a good teacher / tutor? The answer to this question could come to you from your students or pupils. As a student on a PTLLS course we researched this question in the class and came to the conclusion that most teachers need to be some of the following; Kind, Knowledgeable, Firm but Fair, Doesn? t give up on the students, Tells the truth, Encourages all of the students, Keeps confidences, Profe ssional.Other professional roles can be similar in respect to the type of character and integrity that is required. In the local communities we have numerous adult volunteer organisations that will have certain rules and guidelines that the adults must adhere to. 2. 2 To meet the needs of all your learners you as a teacher / tutor need to ensure that you plan for the needs of all your students. To do this effectively you need to adapt a training cycle. The elements of the training cycle are to plan, deliver, identify needs, assess and evaluate.These processes are necessary, not just to aid the logistics of teaching but to allow the levels of accountability in schools, colleges and training companies to operate. â€Å"They have a particular accountability to their profession, a responsibility to their peers and their students to uphold high professional standards to the culture of the country and the community. † (Scott, P 1989 cited in Briggs and Sommefeldt, 2002, p92) In you r own establishment as to how you implement the training cycle is paramount to how your students will stay motivated.This will allow you as an effective teacher / tutor to evaluate and assess the lessons that have delivered. This all goes hand in hand with the planning process, identifying the needs and delivery of the lesson. This will allow 2 Ass2. V1 you to review your planning through assessment of the students work and your self evaluation of how the lesson has gone. In my career as an industry tutor I have had experience of a student that was diagnosed as having a degree of dyslexia. In the classroom environment this was not a problem as all of the training materials were in colour.However when it came to the exams he used a green filter (Clisby et al. , 2000 [online] ) laid on top of the question paper as it was printed on white paper. This allowed the student to be able to read and understand the questions that he needed to answer to gain a 70% pass mark for the exams that w ere taken on that day. To become an effective and professional teacher / tutor you need to review all your learners? needs in whatever the learning environment. 2. 3 To evaluate your own responsibilities with other professionals you must be able to understand what other professionals do as a profession.As a teacher / tutor you will have a professional relationship with differing types of professionals. School Governing Body, Support Staff and at those others within the local authority that support them. The larger professional bodies associated with the teaching profession are NUT (National Union of Teachers), ATL (Association of Teachers and Lecturers) and the NAHT (National Association of Head Teachers). To evaluate my own responsibilities with other professional bodies that are associated with my profession in this case would include, RTITB (Road Transport Industry Training Board).Within this body as a qualified FLT Instructor (Fork Lift Truck Instructor) I have responsibilities to both my students and to the training manager. These are to ensure the course is conducted the correct time frame, e. g. a Counterbalance Fork Lift course with a ratio of 3-1 it would be completed in 5 days with each day consisting of 8 hours training per day. DSA (Driver Standards Agency) within this professional body I am a qualified LGV (Large Goods Vehicle) Driving Instructor the responsibilities that affect me are to ensure that when the vehicle is presented for a driving test that it is fit for purpose.The vehicle has to be of a set standard e. g. it must have eight forward gears, ABS brakes (Anti-Lock Brakes) seatbelts fitted for both the driver and the examiner (DSA 2012 [online]). I have further responsibilities when conducting courses for drivers in the carriage of dangerous goods. The SQA (Scottish Qualifications Association) are the governing body for the control of the examinations and the syllabus that is to be taught to the students. There are set times and criteria set out by the SQA for the conduct of the course and the set times allocated to each training module. Ass2. V1 To summarise there are many legal issues that can constrain the duties of a teacher / tutor, e. g. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and The Data Protection Act 2008. We must remember that although certain people will say that they hinder you from doing your job, they are there to protect you and the students. There are many boundaries that are set out to protect students and teacher / tutor. You are in a profession that is seen in the public eye as a good profession to be a part of.To keep yourself as a professional you should always act in a professional manner. Honesty and integrity go a long way in this profession. References Henley, J. (2009) „Blurred boundaries for teachers? [online] Available from: http://www. guardian. co. uk/education/2009/sep/23/teacher-pupil-sexual-relationship (accessed 07. 10. 2012) Petty, G. (2009) Teaching Today: A Practical Guide. Fo urth Edition. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Briggs, ARJ. and Sommefeldt, D. „Managing Effective Learning and Teaching, London: Paul Chapman PublishingClisby C, Fowler MS, Hebb GS, Walters J, Southcott P & Stein JF(2000) Outcome of treatment of visual problems in children with reading difficulties, Professional Association of Teachers in Special Situations (PATOSS) Bulletin Nov. 2000, 914. [online] Available from: http://www. dyslexic. org. uk/docs/Visual%20Problems%20-02-11-18. pdf (accessed 07. 10. 2012) Driving Standards Agency (2012) „Minimum Test Vehicle Requirements? [online] Available from: http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/Motoring/DriverLicensing/CaravansTrailersCommercialVehi cles/DG_4022527) (accessed on 20. 9. 2012) 4

Chapter Review Essays

Chapter Review Essays Chapter Review Essay Chapter Review Essay Chapter Review Name: Institution: Date: Chapter Review Martin Bobgan raises several issues aimed at separating Christianity and psychology. He makes consistent assertions regarding the unsuitability of psychological perspectives in the Christian faith. Bobgan points out that although most Christians continue to turn to psychology, the people who formulated the psychological viewpoints were not Christians but that they were people who denied God. This is an error because psychologists use different forms of psychotherapies to help their clients deal with their problems. While it is true that some of the people who invented psychotherapies were not Christians, it is worth noting that many Christians are involved in psychology, and they have come up with different forms of psychotherapies based on biblical principles. They use these forms of psychotherapies to help their clients. Bobgan notes that the church moved from accepting psychology because of the idea of common grace. He has neglected to point out the continuous dissociation of many Christians from their churches. Some Christians feel that the church cannot help them to solve their psychological problems because they are concerned with worldly perspectives. Thus, for many Christians, it is more effective for them to have a different approach to deal with their problems. Psychologists do not aim to compete with God, as Bobgan seems to suggest. Psychologists realize that they are part of humanity, and they realize their limitations and perfections. Bobgan dismisses any idea of human intelligence and wisdom that results from research. He does not point out that ability of people to have God given intelligence. He fails to point out that God blesses His people with intelligence and wisdom. Granted, some of the most gifted people may deny the impact that God has on their lives, and some may even deny His existence. However, this does not change the fact that God gives gifts to both the evil and good people. As he points out, God makes the sun to shine, and the rain to fall, on both the good and bad people. Bobgan makes a strong case about the importance of seeking God and understanding His word accurately. His final message is concerned about the importance of seeking God when a person faces problems. He does not recognize people’s weaknesses and limitations. He fails to notice that people have different strengths in the Christian faith. Some may not know how to go about seeking God’s help. Furthermore, Bobgan fails to acknowledge that Christians do not live in an ideal world, where everyone else around them is a Christian and applies Biblical teachings in his or her life. They live in a world where people have adopted many religions and why they continue to develop other religions as they see fit. Some do not even acknowledge the presence or importance of any religion. Christians have to interact with these people constantly as they go about their daily lives. They cannot avoid meeting and interacting with non-Christians since this would mean missing the opportunity of i nfluencing their perception of religion, and this would result in failure of bringing more people to God’s kingdom. Bobgan makes a psychological error when he points out psychotherapy and other psychologies do not help people and do not concern Christians. He adds that psychotherapies cannot help Christians to overcome problems of living, and neither can they use such methods to show Christians how to live. This presumption is not correct because there is sufficient evidence proving otherwise. Many Christians and non-Christians have been able to change and solve their problems through behavior modification and other therapies. Some Christians find it more useful to go to psychologists when they have marital problems because that is the only option they know best. Marital problems are some of the things that people have to live with, and many Christians find it necessary to consult psychologists to deal with such problems. In dismissing the idea of psychology, Bobgan notes that it is based on human observation and interpretation, which is subjective and susceptible to error. He instead encourages t he reading and analysis of God’s word. However, he also fails to point out that people interpret God’s word based on their understanding, making them more susceptible to making subjective opinions. This is evident in the fact that people interpret the same Biblical texts differently. Bobgan seems to base his perception of psychology solely on the human soul, and he seems to think that psychologists are an avenue for the salvation of the human souls. He details his point of view by observing the nature of humanity and the importance of seeing human beings as God sees them. By focusing on the human soul, he fails to notice the strength or weakness of the human mind, yet most psychologists aim to deal with the mind as a way of helping people. The problems that people face result from their thoughts and their attitudes towards life. Psychologists do base their opinions and suggestions based on different extensive research on humanity. The fact that they have been able to assist many people over the years by using different approaches is evident of the accurate nature of the studies conducted. Bogan adds that psychologists cannot deal with the sinful nature of man. Psychologists do not focus on human salvation and redemption of souls. They do not aim to take the role of the priests and other spiritual clergy, on whose responsibility towards guiding people’s spiritual health lies. Furthermore, they do not aim to improve a person’s spiritual growth, unless the psychologist involved is a spiritual leader concerned with the person’s spirituality. Integration means that psychologists learn to apply the psychological principles that are relevant to their faith, and which do not contradict their religion in any way. They have to learn what the Bible says about some of the principles that they choose to use. This will ensure that they are not swayed and influenced by secular perspectives. At the same time, the Christians recognize the importance that psychology has on believers. The world has become a difficult place to live in, and many Christians find challenges in their lives. They seek different avenues to help them deal with their problems. Christians take Jesus to be the model of their faith. Many Christian psychologists defend their application of psychology by noting now Jesus was always there to guide people, encourage them, and help them solve their problems. In addition, Jesus commanded those who followed Him to bear each other’s burdens. These burdens are the problems that people carry, and they affect their minds. By consulting a psychologist who shares the same principles of faith, then the Christians are assured that they will get good and credible advice. Failure to have Christian psychologists ultimately results to many Christians seeking help from secular psychologists who do not share the same religious and spiritual beliefs. The Bible also requires believers to confess their sins to one another, and admonish each other. God said that His people perished for lack of knowledge. Christians should be at the forefront in seeking knowledge using godly means, and ensuring that they use this knowledge to help and benefit other people. Integration of psycholog y and theology is a way of making the biblical teachings and guidance more practical for the Christians who find the need to share their problems with someone, and seek help towards solving them.

Erving Goffmans Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior

Erving Goffman's Front Stage and Back Stage Behavior In sociology, the terms front stage and back stage refer to different behaviors that people engage in every day. Developed by the late sociologist Erving Goffman, they form part of the dramaturgical perspective within sociology that uses the metaphor of the theater to explain social interaction. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman presented the dramaturgical perspective in the 1959 book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. In it, Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical production to offer a way of understanding human interaction and behavior. He argues that social life is a performance carried out by teams of participants in three places: front stage, back stage, and off stage. The dramaturgical perspective also emphasizes the importance of the setting, or context, in shaping the performance, the role of a persons appearance in social interaction, and the effect the manner of a persons behavior has on the overall performance. Running through this perspective is a recognition that social interaction is influenced by the time and place in which it occurs as well as by the audience present to witness it. It is also determined by the values, norms, beliefs, and common cultural practices of the social group or the locale where it occurs. Front Stage Behavior- the World Is a Stage The idea that people play different roles throughout their daily lives and display different kinds of behavior depending on where they are and the time of day is a familiar one. Most people, consciously or unconsciously, behave somewhat differently as their professional selves vs. their private or intimate selves. According to Goffman, people engage in front stage behavior when they know that others are watching. Front stage behavior reflects internalized norms and expectations for behavior shaped partly by the  setting, the particular role one plays in it, and by ones physical appearance. How people participate in a front stage performance can be highly intentional and purposeful, or it can be habitual or subconscious. Either way, front stage behavior typically follows a routinized and learned social script shaped by cultural norms. Waiting in line for something, boarding a bus and flashing a transit pass, and  exchanging pleasantries about the weekend with colleagues are all examples of highly routinized and scripted front-stage performances. The routines of peoples daily lives- traveling to and from work, shopping, dining out, or going to a cultural exhibit or performance- all fall into the category of front stage behavior. The performances people put on with those around them follow familiar rules and expectations for what they should do and talk about with one another in each setting. People also engage in front stage behavior in less public places such as among colleagues at work and as students in classrooms. Whatever the setting of front stage behavior, people are aware of how others perceive them and what they expect, and this knowledge tells them how to behave. It shapes not just what individuals do and say in social settings but how they dress and style themselves, the consumer items they carry around, and the manner of their behavior (assertive, demure, pleasant, hostile, etc.) These, in turn, shape how others view them, what they expect of them, and how they behave toward them. Put differently, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu would say that cultural capital is a significant factor both in shaping front stage behavior and how others interpret the meaning of it. Back Stage Behavior- What We Do When No Ones Looking When people engage in back stage behavior, they are free of the expectations and norms that dictate front stage behavior. Given this, people are often more relaxed and comfortable when  back stage; they let their guard down and behave in ways that reflect their uninhibited or true selves. They cast off elements of their appearance required for a front stage performance, such as swapping work clothes for casual clothes and loungewear. They may even change how they speak and comport their bodies or carry themselves. When people are back stage, they often rehearse certain behaviors or interactions and otherwise prepare for upcoming front stage performances. They might practice their smile or handshake, rehearse a presentation or conversation, or prep themselves to look a certain way once in public again. So even back stage, people are aware of norms and expectations, which influence what they think about and do. In private, people behave in ways that they would never in public. However, even peoples back stage lives tend to involve others, such as housemates, partners, and family members. One may not behave as formally with these individuals than standard front stage behavior dictates, but they may not fully let down their guards either. Peoples back stage behavior mirrors the way actors behave in the back stage of a theater, the kitchen within a restaurant, or the employee only areas of retail shops. For the most part, how one behaves front stage significantly differs from an individuals back stage conduct. When someone ignores the expectations for front and back stage behaviors, it may lead to confusion, embarrassment, and even controversy. Imagine if a high school principal showed up to school in her bathrobe and slippers, for example, or used profanity while speaking with colleagues and students. For good reason, the expectations linked to front stage and back stage behavior influence most folks to work pretty hard to keep these two realms remain separate and distinct.

The Cries of a Woman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Cries of a Woman - Research Paper Example Hemingway’s approach of writing style conceals the significance of the tale revealing the interactions involving men and women of the time, which is symptomatic of a patriarchal society. On the surface, Hemmingway's narrative gives the notion that this couple has mixed feelings over what to do regarding a pregnancy. Through Jig readers realize there is no resolution left to be achieved within the community of 1930's, as society during this time is rigid. The societal composition of this time disregards the capability of females to make such choices individually. Pro-choice was not also a concept during this era, marked by male dominance in the legal and societal scene (Rankin 234). It would be a while before females would in fact empower to decide with their bodies and future. Jig is denied freedom of choice and this has left her in her circumstances. Her absolute reliance upon the American has bestowed him the power over her to act, as he desires (Hemingway 232). Sadly, Jig w ould encompass many years before the condition would revolutionize. Hemingway creates a female character who is remarkable and who has her opinion, even though she does not have a say in her future as well as her imminent abortion. When Jig comments about the hills at the other side of the station and says they look like white elephants, the American disregards her view. This is the girl’s way of suggesting the true emotions regarding her dilemma, which she remains incapable of communicating straightforwardly to the American. The man cannot put himself in her place and thus replies to her thought about the white elephants by saying â€Å"I’ve never seen one† and her sardonic reply is â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have† (Hemmingway 229) He describes the abortion as a very easy procedure, he says â€Å"it’s not really an operation at all†¦It’s just to let the air in† (Hemingway 230). When Jig enquires about what would ensue after t he abortion, and whether they would be happy, the man retorts in an affirmative manner and says that he had known many people who had done it. Jig holds up her end of the unpleasant conversation, although she appears resigned to what the American believes to be right, the abortion. Jig observations, attitude, and sarcasm create a female character who is fearful, angry, and entrapped by the wish for â€Å"things to be like they were† (Hemingway 230). Jig is a credible woman struggling against a man whose swallow and self-centered wish is to have only her, but not their child and thus regarding abortion like the only possible answer. By agreeing to the man’s wish of an abortion, Jig represents the inferior part in the relationship. The man overly simplifies abortion as a painless operation and views the pregnancy as an obstacle to their relationship. The exchange reveal that the man wants their essentially swallow relationship to continues as it has and that Jig wants to move it to a firmer ground (Nolan 19). Throughout the story, the man presents the rigid concept of masculinity; he is portrayed as a worldly, omniscient, knowledgeable and always in control of himself as well as the situation at hand. He is also cool and feigns indifference, for instance, when he tells Jig that he does not care whether she aborts the kid or not.

Building design from Australia to the required standards of Article

Building design from Australia to the required standards of architectural design - Article Example From this research it is clear that the fore ground shows tall towers and a pylon, probably a memorial pillar or a communication booster mast. The middle ground shows an impression of a sophisticated transport system, with roads and a roundabout with people walking on foot. Perhaps this is an appropriate explanation of the title of the architecture, â€Å"Walking Melbourne†. The background shows a densely occupied city centre, full of tall buildings. It shows a curvature with a panoramic sky view on the background, giving an impression of a long distance towards the background. From the foreground to the background, a viewer can easily notice that the buildings are tilted. The architecture of Bayden Goddard Design provides a collection of uncountable buildings from the front to the background. Incidentally, all buildings use one colour. This does not present an elegant image of a city. The designer did not make a proper mixture of colours for one of the side shows of the build ing. From the use of colours, the image of the building architecture does not show natural colours but with the application of additional artificial light. The colour mix is especially difficult for a colour-blind person to judge. The side show displays the use of a dominant colour being black or probably dark blue. This is an impression of darkness from the background, and it makes a reader think that some features are hidden. Bayden Goddard Design shows one of the designs with skyscrapers on the background. It creates an impression of the back of a modern building. The back is a traditional structure that does not match the sophisticated view of the former picture. The colour grey here displays an old and worn out construction whose colour has probably faded away. The colours are not consistent in the various designs. For example, comparing a single feature such as the sky, shows different results, some are too dark, almost becoming black, while others are extremely too light, alm ost white (McCartney 23). Second Critique: Perspective The perspectives of the building in some of the pictures are difficult to analyse, owing to their tilted nature. It is difficult to make an accurate estimation of the dimensions of the construction from the angles of viewing. A viewer can easily think that the building is under demolition or under new development. From the perspective, a viewer cannot approximate the distances, or even identify the side that is longer than the other. He or she can not estimate the height of the building with accurate precision. A good architectural design should be able to present dimensions in a simple way with easily recognizable dimensions for the viewer to identify from the view the length, the width and the height of the construction. The tilt also cheats the eye about the exact shape of the construction, whether it is a cuboidal shape or a pyramid construction. Third Critique: Proportion One of the shows of the building shows the building of two storeys, comparing very closely to the tallest towers in the city centre. The architecture makes a viewer overstate the height of the architectural construction. Secondly, the buildings appear to be in contact with the sky. The height disappears into the sky however short the building is in reality. Proportionality is a critical feature for analysing an architectural design. In one of the design pictures, it is not easy to ascertain

Contrast leadership and power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contrast leadership and power - Essay Example owerful person rewards or pays the cooperative followers, he/she encourages goal-directed behavior and when such rewards are withdrawn or threats and intimidations are issued, the unwanted behaviors are discouraged while the desirable ones are encouraged. (Nye, 2-3) The powerful are influential over their powerless dependants and the greater the follower’s dependency, the greater the power of the powerful. Dependency rises with the rise of the scarcity, importance and the non-substitutability of the resources that the powerful controls. In contrast, leadership is mutual and aims at everyone’s autonomy as opposed to dependency. (Prentice Hall inc, 2-5) Leadership can be defined as the ability to influence and motivate followers towards achievement of a common goal or purpose. Leaders are people of integrity, visions and charisma – they inspire and not coerce. Unlike power that operates from being in control over valued resources, leadership motivates without necessarily being in control of resources. Leadership is set on a common goal and requires the compatibility of the goal with the followers for common good. Power on the other hand is a means of achieving personal goals and requires the followers to be dependent thus to work in compliance with their leaders. Power is therefore egocentric while leadership is exercised to the benefit of all. A leader puts others first before self while the vice versa is true with the powerful (Prentice Hall inc, 5 and Ciulla, et al, 285) Leadership influences intrinsically as opposed to power that is used to attain lateral and extrinsic influence. Power uses rewards and punishment which makes followers feel that their behavior is externally demanded i.e. extrinsic motivation. When such rewards are absent, the powerful looses control and direction of behavior. This is contrary to leadership that transforms the feelings and thoughts persuasively and intrinsically devoid of rewards, promises or threats and intimidations.

The pre contractual and post contractual issues leading to hold up

The pre contractual and post contractual issues leading to hold up 1. AIM/OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to examining the concepts of hold-up and how power plays an important role in how the problem of hold-up is resolved. And also look at possible strategies or solutions for the buying organisation to avoid hold-up. 2. METHODOLOGY This paper will examine the work of Klein and Chang Ive in answering the concept of hold-up in the supply chain and also will examine the pre-contractual and post-contractual issues leading to hold-up. The first part of the assignment looks at how concept of incomplete contracts led to problem of hold-up in case of the General Motors and the Fishers case. In the second part of the assignment, is about how other factors like asset specificity and lock-in leads to hold-up problems post contractual in reference with the construction projects. Also look at the case of hold-up in the IT industry in regard to the Flash Apple clash. And finally critically evaluating the different cases and conclude by deriving a strategy or mechanism in avoiding or minimising the risk of hold-ups for buying organisations. 3. INTRODUCTION Hold-up is a situation where there are two parties (say, buyer and supplier) and one party has to make specific investments for the trade. If the investment is specific only to that customer, then the supplier is vulnerable to hold-up and on the visa-versa, if the product designed is specific to the raw material possessed by the supplier then the buyer is bound to have higher risk of hold-up (Klien, 1996). The party with the higher power seeks to achieve the quasi-rents  [1]  . Hold-up on the transactions cost economics is the problem of short-sightedness. Hold-ups can occur under various situations both pre-contractually and post-contractually. As explained by Williamson (Williamson, 1985), it could be Opportunistic behaviour of supplier pre-contractually or Kleins theory of uncertainty in the market condition or the issue of moral hazard or bad behaviour by the buyer that leads to the hold-up situation. As explained by Klein, the buyer/supplier conflict can be due to unanticipated events that occur during their contractual term; like reduced/increased cost or demand, which clearly puts one party with the higher bargaining power and thus changing the power dynamics in the relationship. The party with the higher power tries to breach the contract or be opportunistic in order to achieve the quasi-rents. (Klien, 1996) Williamsons concept of feasible foresight/farsightedness could be a possible solution for the buying organisations to avoid or negate the issue of hold-up. People are boundedly rational and having a myopic view is a problem. Klein looks at the role of contracts in solving the problem of hold-up and says the assessment of self-enforcing range of the contract and a better written contract can avoid the situation. The ways of solving or taking into account the problem of hold-up has been in the core of transaction cost economics. There have been occasions where both parties know that there is a possibility in hold-up in future but considering the cost and time involved in defining each and every contingency in the contract is not feasible (Fares, 2006). Below I will be discussing a few cases where hold-up was evident and what corrective actions were taken under different circumstances. 4. HOLD UP: CASE ANALYSIS There have been numerous cases of hold-up discussed in the transaction cost economics and the one that is most spoken about is the General-Motor and the Fishers Case. In this assignment, I will be discussing three different cases focusing on contractual issues, moral hazard, asset specificity and the issues with time in Hold-up. 4.1 General Motor Fishers Case of Incomplete Contracts  [2]   This has been the most spoke about case in economics in relation to the issue of hold-up. In a nutshell, it is a case where both parties signed a contract in 1919 for the supply of automobile bodies by Fisher to General Motors. Fisher, the manufacturer or supplier in this case had to make specific investments in stamping machines and dies for General Motors. This was a long term contract(over a ten year period) and also General Motors set a price formula, Fishers Variable cost plus 17.5%(to cover the capital and overheads). Ideally General Motors(henceforth GM) designed the contract in such a way that they can create a hold-up over Fisher. GM had even threatened to reduce the demand if Fisher did not come down on price, which would mean that the investment made by Fisher would not be efficiently used. But what really happened was not expected by both the parties. Up till 1919, most of the cars had wooden bodies but there was a huge rise in demand for steal body cars in 1919 which lead to a huge rise in demand for Fishers products. GM had no other supplier to replace with and even doing so would lead to a high switching cost. This could also be a problem of myopic view by GM, who view the price in a long term perspective and ignored the market potential/demand. The unanticipated increase in demand gave Fisher the upper hand and used the contractual terms to its strength in attaining the quasi-rents. They moved farther from GM location and created the extra-income through the formula set by GM in price determination. Fisher found that the contract was over the self-enforcing range and was in a favourable position for it to profit out off the contract if it breaches the contract. This provided as an incentive to Fisher. Both the parties new that the contract was not completely perfect and believed that the contact was optimal designed to minimize the probability of hold-up. GM had only two options available to resolve the problem, first to terminate the contract and find a new supplier. This would mean that the huge market demand cannot be satisfied and the switching cost becomes very high. The second being, renegotiating with Fisher and provide a lump sum payment to keep the contract running. Without question, GM had to settle for the option two as the time span was very limited and GM did not have much of an option in suppliers then. Thus the problem of imperfect or incomplete contracting leading to hold-up is evident in this case. In this case, to prevent the ex-poste problem of contracting, GM should have had the farsightedness view towards contract and defined a contingency plan in case there is a drastic change in the market condition to renegotiate the contract and derive at a new price. This could have saved quite a lot of time and resources. It should not be just from the price point view but should be a holistic view of the contract. They should have defined the self-enforcing range so that they need not be amended frequently. They were right in defining the power relation pre-contractually but underestimated on the post-contractual drift in power. Also GM should have had better incentive plans in place so that the supplier does not think about breaching certain incompleteness of the contract (Klien, 1996). Asset / Process Specificity Lock-In Situation In Construction Projects  [3]   The second is a case with multiple levels of hold-up ranging from small to large in the money involved in the dispute. This is a case in the construction project with three different parameters (uncertainty/unanticipated events in the project, lock-in situation and the amount of money involved in the dispute) of hold-ups identified. In the construction specific project a new form of asset specificity was identified, process specificity (Chen-Yu Chang, 2007). The channel tunnel project is a build-own-operate-transfer project for creating a tunnel for railway network. Both the French and the British governments awarded the project to Eurotunnel, to build and operate the tunnel for 55 years(which after extension is 99 year project). Eurotunnel in-turn sublet the construction to a ten member consortium called Transmanche-Link  [4]  . The project was at the design stage when TML was assigned and the changes that they had to make in the project had to comply with safety rules of the intergovernmental commission (Chen-Yu Chang, 2007). The project started under huge pressure and Eurotunnel, gave out the project to TML under two contracts: cost-plus contract for tunnelling and lump-sum contract for fitting out and terminals (Chen-Yu Chang, 2007). Two events that were ungovernable uncertainty that occurred in the first stage where, the conditions for the land, which TML expected it to be better but was in a much worse condition and the delays in signing of the Anglo-French channel treaty delayed the start of the construction. Although the money under dispute was not a large sum at this stage TML had to go for an extension in the project time and there were no concessions made on the cost overruns. The second round of dispute was on the cost overruns which were outstanding from the previous dispute. By this time both were in a lock-in situation as over  £850 million loan has been drawn out of the bank. Due to the delays caused earlier, there was a step rise in the cost which needed the contract to be re-valued and the new target cost for the project was set but TML had to bear a higher percentage of the cost overruns. The third dispute was a large sum of money involved, where the requirements of intergovernmental commission and railway companies induced a huge rise in cost on the equipments. TML passed on this added cost to the contractor Eurotunnel. By this time Eurotunnel was in a lock-in situation with TML and had to settle for the needs of TML. Thus TML benefitted out of the incomplete long-term contract signed. 4.3 Flash Apple War The third case is over property rights issue in IT industry. IT and Software industry is prone to hold-up problem. For example, developing an internet page/company basing it on a particular software firm/application which the company doesnt have property rights is considered equivalent to building a house without owing the land. For any changes that have to be made on the internet, they need the original creator/vendor, which makes it dependant or held-up by the vendor. Flash is a similar kind of software or platform, where the products built on Flash are at high risk of hold up. Because of this, flash is recently been targeted by firms like Apple and Google, in replacing them with a better source. Apple for its new product iPad, needed to make heavy investment in the ecosystem. Had it used Flash, Apples ability to achieve rents from the investment would have been held-up by Adobe. Flash is a more closed software and does not share exclusive information with its clients. This has been a hindrance to many firms and firms are looking for a much open source software and platforms to develop their products. The issue in the IT sector could be minimized by making a clear contract stating the future maintenance and updating of the software and also define a period when the contract will be re-valued or re-negotiated (Michael Schwartz, 2010). 5. CRITICAL EVALUATION After looking at the three above cases some of the prevention measures that a buying organisation could adopt are as follows. It is not always possible for a buying organisations to adopt these is all the situations. Figure 1: Contractual Process The above picture depicts the process of contracting that the buyer could you to adopt to avoid or minimize the risk of hold-up in a relationship. The first step for the buyer is to decide on the investment and make a cost-benefit analysis of the investment. Some of the basic questions like is the investment really needed, is it worth entering into the relationship and most importantly before the investment decision is the analysis of the buyer-supplier power relationship.The buyer before entering into contract specific investment in relationship, has to assess the power dynamics and foresee the possibility of shift in power post investment. If it finds itself in a weaker position, certain contractual terms could be added to protect its profits out of the investment. Defining the relationship also clears the fear of buyer falling into a lock-in situation with the supplier. As Williamson says, buyers need to have the farsighted view on the contracts than signing a contract and taking care of the problem later, only to recognise that they have to settle for the second best option. Then is the writing of contracts. As we have seen from the above case examples, it is clear that all the contingencies cannot be written down in the contract as identifying them is a lengthy process and is an expensive process too. To make an effective contract, we could use both Klein and Williamsons concept in design a contract which has a self-enforcing range but also had the farsightedness view of the project and identifying opportunistic nature of the supplier. Also it is important at this stage to define the property rights of the product or the process that the supplier is making with the specific investment made. It is also important to define the incentives that the supplier gets for on-time completion of the project and within the budget fixed. This incentive should be made as an attractive offer to the supplier so that the risk of opportunistic behaviour by the supplier can be minimised. The next step is that the supplier makes the investment and the buyer needs to overlook the spend so that they do not go excessive of the planned budget. The problem in conflicts and lock-in has in most occasion been due to the excessive spends and buyer had always been to have partially paid for the mistakes of the supplier because of the sunk cost or switching cost for the buyer if he had to change the supplier during conflict. The contract should be defined in such a way that over a specific period of time and cost, the contract will be re-opened for negotiations and a performance review been conducted on the supplier. The fourth and fifth steps are in relation to the renegotiation of the contracts. During the contract stage, the time period of re-negotiation or re-evaluation of the product should also be defined. Even in a long-term contract when the price is fixed on certain parameters, it is better to re-examine the conditions after a few years or after certain unanticipated events like financial crisis or sudden rise in demand to keep a contractual balance and prevent one party from benefiting from the contract. The final step is the payments for the trade and the buyers need to be careful here not to delay the payments as this could lead to conflict and the supplier taking arbitration actions to court. This could also lead to bad reputation and damage the image of the buyer in the market. 6. CONCLUSION Again, Power relations play an important role for the buyer organisation in defining their contractual terms with the supplier. Power is the universal term in economics and failing to understand it could be costly for organisations. From the case evidence above it is clear that being over-optimistic in design the contracts have made some companies in losing their power post-contractually. Hold-ups are due to unexpected events or sometime a deliberate process due to the lack of time or resources available. There has been no specific method or tool to negate the hold-up issue and depending on the situation the actions are taken. But it is important for buyers to pre-empt the situation and be ready to tackle the situation. Thus I conclude by saying that in real world all the situations are possible, information asymmetry, opportunistic behaviour supplier, moral hazard behaviour of buyers, lock-in situation, incomplete contracting and hold-ups are the evident result and one needs to craft a well designed contract to evade the situation. They buyers need to keep in mind this statement of why settle for a silver when you can go for the gold